Targeted Interventions: Containing Pandemics, Minimizing Societal Disruption

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to more than 218 million infections and over 4.5 million deaths as of 3 September 2021. Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as case isolation, quarantining contacts, and the complete lockdown of entire countries, were implemented in an effort to contain the pandemic. But these NPIs often come at the expense of economic disruption, harm to social and mental well-being, and costly administration costs to ensure compliance.

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